Mourning Traditions during the Victorian Era

The Victorian Era was known for its traditions surrounding death and dying.
  Some of these included:

• Curtains were drawn 
• Clocks stopped at the time of death
• Mirrors were covered with crape or veiling to prevent spirit from getting trapped in the looking glass
• Wreath laurel, yew or boxwood tied with crape or black ribbons were hung on the front door to alert the passerby that a death occurred. 

• "Wake" -- the body was watched at all times until burial
• Keepsakes such as funeral cards, invitations and memorial cards were produced and distributed

•  Relatives would surround the bed of the dying
• Valued the last words of the dying
• Photographs and death masks were produced of the dead
• Houses were filled with mementos

Victorian Cemeteries and Headstones

It may sound odd to say but I've always been a fan of cemeteries.  I could spend hours strolling through them and looking at the headstones.  They are fascinating to say the least.  Each headstone tells a story, although brief, about the person who it pays tribute to.  There are endless images, quotes, and thought provoking messages to be found on headstones/tombstones.  Features found on them, just as with fashion, goes along with the time period that it was created.  The Victorian period is no exception to this rule.  Actually, the headstones from this time period are usually very distinctive.  Symbolism was used in many different ways on them. 

These are some typical types of symbols found on tombstones from the Victorian Era.

Tree stumps were common.  They typically were symbolic of a life cut short.

Weeping Willows were symbolic of mourning.

Angels of all shapes and sizes were also popular.

Hands pointing to heaven were another symbol of the Victorian Era.












Here is the link to a rather lengthy video of a presentation done by Janice Quick, historian to the Maplewood Historical Society in Minnesota.  The presentation is named Buttons and Victorian Headstones.  At first I found it an odd combination but after I started listening to it I realized that it all went together really well.  I remembered after watching it a superstition that was shared by a friend of mine who was from the south that made more sense to me after watching this.  "Rub a button as you pass by a cemetery for a good luck so as not to be the next one entered there."

The fascination with Victorian mourning traditions

While doing my research I have been amazed at the multitude of individuals out there that are fascinated with the various Victorian mourning traditions.  There are blogs and websites galore on every topic you could think pertaining to Victorian mourning.  Even a quick search on Pinterest will produce an abundance of pins dealing with the subject.  For a time period when camera's weren't owned by every individual like today the number of photographs available has been surprising.  However, many of these sites are produced by individuals without credible or posted sources.  It has made the research part of the project a bit more tedious than I expected. 

Post Mortem Photography

During the Victorian Era when daguerreotype photographs became popular and a cheaper option to the painted portrait post mortem photography became popular.  I'm sure that most of you have seen the portraits taken of the someone's loved one after they had passed away either in a coffin or laying down.  But prior to researching this I did not realize that they took photographs of the dead that made them actually appear to be alive.  As you can see in the following photo they actually held the person up with a pole.

This photo came from an article related to this practice in the Huffington Post.  You can view the article along with other photos they have posted with it here.

This practice was especially used to create images of dead children.  This was a period of high infant mortality.  So high was the demand for post- mortem photographs that many photographers were able to make a living from them alone. (Cadwallader, 16).  Sometimes these photos were the only one that was ever taken of the individual.  Families were proud of these photos and would even display them in their homes.

Spirit Photography

During the Victorian Era a new movement began in Hydesville, NY...the Spiritualist Movement.  With the onset of this movement the new concept of Spirit Photography was created.  Jen Cadwallader discusses this concept at length in her article "Spirit Photography Victorian Culture of Mourning".  
Photography already held a very important role in the mourning artifacts with the popularity of images of the deceased. (I will discuss this tradition more in later blog post.)
William Mumler produced the first photograph with "extras" in Boston in 1861.  He was both extending the tradition of the post mortem photograph and cashing in on the growing popularity of the Spiritualist Movement, which was concerned with producing physical evidence of life after death.  His "extras" were rightly named - appearing in addition to the person actually being photographed and costing quite a bit extra compared to a normal portrait. 
Cadwallader finds that spirit photography is a reflection on the act and value of mourning itself.  It shows the feelings of the mourner.  In a society where mourning was highly visible in dress, but where grief was all but taboo, the spirit photograph provided a space to gain conceptual control over one's feelings. (pg. 16).

Figure 1. William H. Mumler "Mrs. French of Boston with her son's spirit." ca. 1870 Wm. B. Becker Collection, American Museum of Photography

Figure 2. Frederick Hudson "Lady Helena Newenham and the Spirit of her Daughter," ca. 1872 Wm. B. Becker Collection, American Museum of Photography

What are the traditions of mourning in the Victorian Era?

After jumping straight into the subject area in my first two posts I realized I should have did an overview of my project and what I will be researching. My main focus will be the traditions of mourning in the Victorian Era especially in the United States.  Because there are so many questions that I could pose about these traditions I decided to be very broad with my question so I could delve into a multitude of areas surrounding these which would in turn allow me and in turn you, my readers to learn more about it.  
Mourning was so completely different during the Victorian Era than it is today.  There were so many different traditions and specific rules that they had at that time that seem so odd to us now.  Ironically, there are still somethings that have carried over.  For example it is still pretty traditional to wear black or something dark to a funeral. 
I'm a very visual learner so I will try and use a lot of photos in my blog. 

Photo: c. 1860-1870

Source:  A Time to Mourn, by Armstrong & Pike

Jewelry made of hair from the deceased

As shown in my previous blog entry fashion was extremely important throughout the Victorian era and there was no exception during the mourning period.  Although women did not wear any jewelry while in deep mourning in later stages fashion including jewelry became very important.  Jewelry made from the hair of the deceased loved one became very popular.  This jewelry could be made for the individual who wore it or there were even pamphlets with instructions on how to create your own fashionable jewelry.  The jewelry ranged from very simple to extremely elaborate designs.  Sometimes things such as photographs, gold or diamonds. These pieces became mementos to the people who owned them. 

Some of the jewelry were as simple as a locket with a photograph and a lock of the loved ones hair.

                 Brooches were very common.  This particular one had a very intricate design.
 

            Tightly woven pieces were also common.  I can't imagine the number of hairs and the            hours that it took to create this piece.  


I recall seeing more than one exhibit in different museums throughout the years of these types of pieces.  Honestly, I've always found them a little creepy and can't imagine wearing any of these pieces no matter how intricate.

I found it interesting when researching this topic that there is still a market for this type of jewelry.  Not only are there collectors of the antique pieces but there are crafters still making hair jewelry and selling it.  There are even instructions on how to create these unique treasurers online.  They are made by "Hair Artists".  Want to see what is available check out one of these websites here.

Fashion in Mourning

In a time where fashion was very important there were many specific rules that dictated how one was to dress while in mourning.  What you wore or did not wear was depended on who you were in mourning for.  You were expected to wear specific clothes for a specific period of time.  These rules were also different depending on whether you were a man or woman or a child.  Mourning to the greatest of extent was more rule binding for the wealthy.  To have the fashionable mourning attire was expensive and only the wealthy could afford everything that was needed to be in the height of fashion.

The first photo is of a young girl who was considered to be in  half mourning.  Children didn't wear the full mourning attire of the adult women.

These women were considered to be in full deep mourning.  These were everyday dresses.  If the woman was closely related to the deceased such as a wife or mother they were expected to be in full mourning for at least a year.  During this time, her clothing could only be made of fabrics which lacked color or shine. Only black crape trim was allowed, while feathers, beads, and hat flowers were forbidden. This absence of decoration was meant to show how a mourner was consumed with her deep sorrow instead of her appearance.
 
This woman is in mourning for her child.  The white lace trim on her dress indicated the purity of her child.

This man is also in mourning for his child.  However the dark suit he is wearing was not any different than what he might have typically worn to the office.


After a year of full mourning a woman was then allowed to wear half- mourning which could last for up to another year.  They were allowed to wear more prints and fabrics with color and jewelry.

These were all typical of the late 1890's.

I couldn't help but share a picture from one of my favorite movies. "Gone with the Wind"
Dancing was not typically acceptable while in mourning but of course Scarlette managed to do whatever she pleased regardless of being in full mourning.